Concepts Applied

Electric charge generates an electric field. The electric charge influences other electric charges with electric force and influenced by the other charges with the same force in the opposite direction. There are 2 types of electric charge:Positive charge (+) is denoted with a plus (+) sign. The positive charge attracts other negative charges and repels other positive charges.

The positive charge is attracted by other negative charges and repelled by other positive charges.

Negative charge (-) is denoted with minus (-) sign. Negative charge attracts other positive charges and repels other negative charges.The negative charge is attracted by other positive charges and repelled by other negative charges.

 Electrical voltage is defined as electric potential difference between two points of an electric field.

Using water pipe analogy, we can visualize the voltage as height difference that makes the water flow down.

V = φ2 - φ1

V is the voltage between point 2 and 1 in volts (V).

φ2 is the electric potential at point #2 in volts (V).

φ1 is the electric potential at point #1 in volts (V).

 Electrical current is the flow rate of electric charge in an electric field, usually in electrical circuit.Using water pipe analogy, we can visualize the electrical current as water current that flows in a pipe.                    

The current IR in amps (A) is equal to the resistor's voltage VR in volts (V) divided by the resistance R in ohms (Ω).

IR = VR / R       

 Resistance is an electrical quantity that measures how the device or material reduces the electric current flow through it. The resistance is measured in units of ohms (Ω).

If we make an analogy to water flow in pipes, the resistance is bigger when the pipe is thinner, so the water flow is decreased.The resistance of a conductor is resistivity of the conductor's material times the conductor's length divided by the conductor's cross sectional area i.e.:

R=plA

R is the resistance in ohms (Ω).

p is the resistivity in ohms-meter (Ω×m)

l is the length of the conductor in meters (m)

A is the cross sectional area of the conductor in square meters (m2)

 A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of other environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing. 

 A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength 

 An electric motor is the fundamental electro-mechanical energy converter that uses the forces of electricity, magnetism, angular momentum, and inertia, as well as electromagnetic theory, Faraday's theories of electric current, and Tesla's theories of alternating current.

An electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components.

Software Basic Concepts such as :

• Programming Environment
• Basic Syntax
• Data Types
• Variables
• Keywords
• Basic Operators
• Decision Making
• Loops
• Numbers
• Characters
• Arrays
• Strings
• Functions